Cosmological Argument - 1401 Words

Examine the cosmological argument for the existence of God. The cosmological argument is an a posteriori argument which intends to prove that there is an intelligent being that exists; the being is distinct from the universe, explains the existence of the universe, and is omniscient, omnipotent, omnipresent and omnibenevolent. The basic notion of cosmological arguments is that the world and everything in it is dependent on something other than itself for its existence. It explains that everything has a cause, that there must have been a first cause, and that this first cause was itself uncaused. Many philosophers have explored the cosmological argument, including Aquinas, in much depth, through his Five Ways in the Summa Theologica.†¦show more content†¦Frederick Copleston was a priest, and historian of philosophy who supported Aquinas’ rejection of infinite regress. Copleston reformulated the argument by concentrating on contingency, which he discussed in depth during a radio debate with Bertrand Russell in 1947. Copleston, like Aquinas, argued that there are things in the universe which are contingent, for example, us – we would not have existed if our parents had not met. All things in the world are similar to this, nothing in the world is self-explanatory, and everything depends on something else for its existence. Therefore, we are forced to search for an external explanation. The explanation must lead us to a cause which is self explanatory, i.e. one which contains within itself, the reason for its own existence – a necessary being. The c onclusion must be God. Copleston argues that if we don’t accept the existence of an ‘unmoved mover’, like Aquinas suggested, there is no explanation for the universe at all. Copleston believes the universe is gratuitous without a first cause, because without an explanation, nothing has meaning – â€Å"Everything is gratuitous. This garden, this city, and myself; when you suddenly realise it, it makes you feel sick and everything begins to drift†¦ that’s nausea†. Leibniz, who wrote ‘On the Ultimate Origination of Things’, also supported the cosmological argument; his argument is sometimes called the ‘argument fromShow MoreRelatedThe Cosmological Argument643 Words   |  3 PagesThe Cosmological Argument An important argument to try and prove the existence of God is the Cosmological Argument brought on by observations of the physical universe, made by Saint Thomas Aquinas, a thirteenth century Christian philosopher. The cosmological argument is a result from the study of the cosmos; Aquinas borrows ideas from Aristotle to make this systematically organized argument. Aquinas’ first point begins with the observation that everything is moving. Aquinas’ says that everythingRead MoreRegarding the Cosmological Argument1564 Words   |  7 PagesRegarding the Cosmological Argument The goal of the cosmological argument is to support the claim that God exists as the first cause of the universe. According to Nagel, the argument runs as following: (P1) Every event must have a cause. (P2) If every event must have a cause, event A must have a cause B, which in turn must have a cause C, and so on. (P3) There is no end to this backward progression of causes. (C1) This backward progression of causes will be an infinite series of event. (P4)Read MoreAquinas’ Cosmological Arguments Essay1631 Words   |  7 PagesAquinas’ Cosmological Arguments The Cosmological Argument for the existence of God, as propounded by Thomas Aquinas, is also known as the Third Way. It is the Third of Five ways in Aquinass masterpiece, The Summa (The Five Ways). The five ways are: the unmoved mover, the uncaused causer, possibility and necessity, goodness, truth and nobility and the last way the teleological. The first three ‘ways’ are different variations of the cosmological argument. Read MoreThe Cosmological Argument On The Existence Of God1444 Words   |  6 Pages Theories have arisen from many different philosophers trying to explain the existence of God; the Cosmological Argument is one such theory. The Cosmological Argument has been changed and reviewed for years; however, the focus has always stayed the same. The universe is a prime example that there is a God. A simple Cosmological argument states that: Everything that exists has a cause of its existence. The universe exists. Therefore, The universe has a cause of its existence. If the universe hasRead MoreExplain Aquinas Cosmological Argument652 Words   |  3 PagesExplain Aquinas’ Cosmological Argument The basis of the cosmological argument is that the universe cannot account for its own existence. There must be a reason, the argument says, for the existence of the universe and the reason has to be something which is not part of the physical world of time and space. The cosmological argument was used by Thomas Aquinas (1225-74) in his five ways, which were ways of demonstrating the existence of God through inductive argument based on observation and evidenceRead MoreWeak Arguments in Cosmological Argument by Thomas Aquinas692 Words   |  3 Pagesattempted to prove the existence of God in a rational way through his Cosmological argument. Aquinas argued that every event as we observe it has a cause and a casual chain cannot be infinite. Therefore, a first cause is necessary and this cause is God. Aquinas’ argument is unsuccessful because it assumes that God is a necessary being, fails to prove that the world is not an infinite chain of events, and undermines the basis of his argument by saying that God is infinite. Aquinas argued the existenceRead MoreThe Cosmological Argument For The Existence Of God1957 Words   |  8 Pagesthe KalÄ m Cosmological Argument (KCA), demonstrating that it offers strong evidence for the existence of God, thereby providing a rational foundation for the Christian faith. Background The cosmological argument is, â€Å"a family of arguments that seek to demonstrate the existence of a Sufficient Reason or First Cause of the existence of the cosmos.† Historians trace an early version of the cosmological argument to Ibn SÄ «nÄ  (c. 980–1037), and philosophers commonly differentiate argument variationsRead MoreThe Ontological, Cosmological, And Design Argument1624 Words   |  7 Pagesbenevolent God they do not need science to show proof that he exists because of their morals and beliefs they have been raised to follow. In this paper I will prove that God does exist by explaining the ontological, cosmological, and design argument. The ontological argument was an argument created by Saint Anselm. Anselm argued that if we thought about what God is and what he can do then we know he must exist. What Anselm means by this is that if our minds can think of something so great like God,Read MoreDissecting Clarkes Cosmological Argument796 Words   |  4 PagesClarke’s Cosmological Argument In the following paper, I will outline Samuel Clarke’s â€Å"Modern Formulation of the Cosmological Argument† and restate some of the points that he makes. Samuel Clarke’s argument for the existence of God states that â€Å"There has existed from eternity some one unchangeable and independent being† (37). The argument follows a logical flow and can be better understood when the structure is laid out and the argument reconstructed. Clarke begins his argument with a useRead MoreCosmological Arguments On The Existence Of A God2212 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"metaphysically necessary being.† That will be the definition of God for this paper. Numerous arguments have been put forth for and against the existence of a God, and some can be grouped together according to their type. Examples of these arguments range from teleological arguments to axiological arguments to cosmological arguments (to name a few). The following paper will focus on cosmological arguments, in particular the Argument from Contingency. Ancient philosophers would look at the stars and would marvel

The World War And The Holocaust - 1770 Words

Following the Second World War and the gradual acceptance of the Holocaust, the historiographical field devoted decades to the analysis of the causes, motives, perpetrators, and consequences of the worst genocide the world had seen. While thousands of scholarly articles and books have been published on the matter, Snyder veered from the Holocaust trend and focused on a particular geographical area, one he would come to call the â€Å"bloodlands†, after the fourteen million civilians who were â€Å"victims of murderous policy†. His book captures the horrors of systematic and targeted killings, ranging from mass shootings to induced starvation, through the lens of state policies and children’s naà ¯ve hopes for survival. The decision to move away from Auschwitz and other Nazi death camps and focus instead on the impact the Soviet Union and Third Reich had on the lives of men, women and children in the occupied zones of Eastern Europe sheds light on a region and a time that had unfortunately been largely reduced to a few notable locations. Snyder’s methodological research and vivid anecdotal injections allow for a striking comparison between Hitler’s Nazi regime and Stalin’s â€Å"political† action in the bloodlands, but ultimately the distinguishing feature between the two campaigns of atrocity was the relationship between ideology and practical circumstance. Any individual or state wishing to destroy the lives of millions of human beings, particularly in modern society, must hide theirShow MoreRelatedThe Holocaust Of The World War II1123 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as wars; however, during World War II, millions of people were treated less than human, forced into labor and killed on sight. Others were given a swift death by a bullet to the head while others died of starvation and disease. What makes this treatment of human even worse is how the Jewish people were targeted. Killing a specific group of people is ca lled Genocide. A crime known to the U.N. as the worst crime a human can do. People in Europe in 1939 to 1945 were in terror due to war. Jews onRead MoreThe Holocaust : The World War I1157 Words   |  5 PagesDwiggins computers 2 22/9/2014 The Holocaust The word â€Å"Holocaust† was originally taken from the Greek word â€Å"Holokauston†. In Greek, this word meant â€Å"sacrifice by fire†. Holocaust is the name given to the German Nazis killing and persecution of Jews. Other targeted groups were Gypsies, Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexuals, the handicapped or deformed, and all others who disagreed with what Adolph Hitler was doing. It all began in 1933 when the entire world was in a depression. Adolph Hitler becameRead MoreThe Holocaust : The World War II1356 Words   |  6 Pages The Holocaust Introduction World War II claimed around 60 million lives in the time from 1941 to 1945. Amazingly, upwards of fourteen percent of these lives were not victims of the largest war ever waged, but their lives were lost in the tragic genocide know as the Holocaust. The Nazis carried out this atrocity and they planed to kill anyone who was not apart of what was considered to be the master race. All those of non-Arian backgrounds were to be killed and the majority of the people executedRead MoreThe Holocaust : The World War II890 Words   |  4 PagesHolden said The Holocaust illustrates the consequences of prejudice, racism and stereotyping on a society. It forces us to examine the responsibilities of citizenship and confront the powerful ramifications of indifference and inaction(Holden). Holden’s quote has a specific point that is incredibly important which is confronting the consequences of inaction. Anger and revulsion can arise from a variety of epicenters, but one that undoubtedly prot rudes is Adolf Hitler throughout World War II. InactionRead MoreThe Holocaust : The World War II1247 Words   |  5 Pages World War 2 brought upon a time of disappointment and the Jewish purgatory. This event caused millions of death to innocent people and disgrace to many Jewish families. This time period was ruled by the powerful leader of the Nazis as they were know for. He was the chancellor of Germany, he was Adolf Hitler he was known as the greatest leader to all the Nazi’s party. Hitler came into power in the year of 1933. This Nazi’s party planned to exterminate all the Jewish. This event was called the â€Å"FinalRead MoreThe Holocaust Of World War II1879 Words   |  8 PagesBy the time 1945 was coming to an end, the horrors of World War II were only just revealed to the public eye. Racial and religious discrimination was at an all-time high and was the primary reason for the emergence of the Holocaust. Religious bigotry against Jews was the focal point for the Holocaust. Around 6 million Jewish people were killed by the Nazis of Germany through warfare, forced labor, concentra tion camps, and also mass executions and kill-on-sight orders. Countless of others within theRead MoreWorld War II : The Holocaust1156 Words   |  5 Pages World War II is know for the horrific Holocaust and all the painful treatment and torture the Jews had to endure, but life before the Holocaust was not all that great for the Jewish citizens of Germany. There was much discrimination and hatred towards the Jews during that time, and there were many events that happened before the Holocaust, and many of those events were part Adolf Hitler, the leader of the Nazi s plan that would lead up to the horrible genocide, known as the Holocaust. KristallnachtRead MoreHolocaust : The World War I2252 Words   |  10 PagesHolocaust Denial During World War I Adolf Hitler served his country which the defeat of his country lead him to blame the Jews. Hitler after the war joined the National Socialists German Workers’ Party, which was known to the English as Nazis. In 1923 he wrote his memoir â€Å"Mein Kampf† which translates to my struggles, in which Hitler expressed his obsession for the idea of a perfect Aryan race. January 20, 1933 was when Hitler was named the chancellor of Germany. The first concentration camp thatRead MoreThe Holocaust Of The World War II879 Words   |  4 PagesElie Wiesel Says.. Nowadays, people tend to forget the morality of human beings. For instance, the people in today’s world are attracted to greed or power letting their mind and body rot them. However, are we doing a right in letting people like that win? It might not seem much or anything, but as history has shown us otherwise with World War II. Like letting a tyrant leader like Adolf Hitler take over different countries and bring in what is believed the most horrific discrimination ever known.Read MoreWorld War II And The Holocaust940 Words   |  4 Pageser the war, as the years went on the Jewish population in Palestine grew tremendously. The growth created a lot of violence between Jews and Arabic’s. This violence ultimately led to Britain to make a big decision on the future of Palestine. This with the fueling of World War II and the Holocaust caused international support for Zionism. So, in 1948 they established official declaration of the State of Israel (Cohen, 2003; Levin, 1974 .) David Ben-Gurion, who was the head of the Jewish Agency, help

ART Free Essays

It was written in the early romantic era 2. Can you think of another famous composer from this period? Ambrose Thomas was also a composer during this period. He composed the opera Hamlet. We will write a custom essay sample on ART or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3. What instruments are required to play the piece? The piano is the main instrument and sometimes only instrument used to play this piece 4. For whom was the piece originally written? This was written for and dedicated to Beethoven’s star pupil, countess Giggliest Guardia 5. When and where did the premier take place? The original premier took place in 1 802 in the Brunswick family estate when Beethoven dedicated the piece to his pupil. 6. Was this piece written early, late, or in the middle of the composer’s career? I would say that he wrote the piece in the early to middle parts of his life. Day 2: In-Depth Focus on a Piece Learning about the history and genesis of a piece is only a small part of really getting to know it. Listen to the piece several more times. As you listen, focus on your own reactions. The effect it has on you, the listener, is the most important thing; background information and historical data are only one piece of the puzzle. Describe your reaction to the piece, answering the questions below. 1. If there are words, what are they about? Is the text religious or secular? How does the music support or describe what the text is saying? There are no words to go along with this piece 2. If the text was in another language, were you able to find a translation? If not, what do you think the subject could have been, based on what you heard? There was no text to the music but I assume the song was like a declaration of love because he dedicated it to his passion Giggliest Guardia. 3. Describe the character of the music. Is it happy, sad, angry, pensive, tumultuous or playful? Something else? I believe this piece is soothing and calming while at the same time energetic and exciting. 4. What is your favorite thing about the piece? Describe why you like it. I like the way the piece make you feel, it take me through an entire circle of emotions every time I listen to it. How to cite ART, Papers

Epidemiology HIV free essay sample

Describe the determinants of health and explain how those factors contribute to the development of this disease. 3. Discuss the epidemiologic triangle as it relates to the communicable disease you have selected. Include the host factors, agent factors (presence or absence), and environmental factors. (The textbook describes each element of the epidemiologic triangle). 4. Explain the role of the community health nurse (case finding, reporting, data collecting, data analysis, and follow-up). Identify at least one national agency or organization that addresses the communicable disease chosen and describe how the organization(s) contributes to resolving or reducing the impact of disease. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks the body by weakening the immune system. Once people get infected by the virus it remains in the body for life; some of the symptoms that can be expected are diarrhea, fever, headache, mouth soar, night sweat, and swollen lymph nodes, followed more serious illness with progression of the virus. However, many people reported having no symptoms and don’t even know they have the virus until they are diagnosed. After the patient is diagnose the patient can lived for a number of years before experiencing severe health issues, during this period the person with the disease could transfer the virus from one person to another. The virus is transfer from one person to the other by certain body fluid which includes blood, semen, rectal/vaginal fluid and breast milk, and unprotected sex as the major route of transmission. The routes of transport are through mucous membrane, damage tissue or directly injected in the blood stream from needle or syringe (cdc. gov. 2014). This begins when the agent which is the virus believed to have started in Africa and transfer for animal to human, the agent past from one host to another, then you have the environment that support the disease and allow it to thrive in this case the blood. It affect people in different ways, some people may get sick shortly after infected while others can live for a long period with no signs of the illness. There are many complications that are associated with HIV; majority of these complications are cause by weaken immune system cause by the destruction of cd4 t cell. Once the body loses the function of this cell it becomes susceptible to infection. The severity of the illness is depended on the number of cd4 cell in the blood stream. If the cd4 t cell dropped below 200 it put the patient at greater risk for infection and the morbidity becomes more significant. The patient can pronounce with severe fungal infection, pneumonia, Kaposi and many more opportunist infection. Treatment is also determined by cd4 t cell count and plasma viral load, this information provides knowledge about extent of immune suppression of the patient and the level of the damage of the immune system. (Weinberg, J. , Kovarik, C. , MD. 2010). This is called staging and the stages of the disease which decide the appropriate treatment recommended for that stage of the patient’s condition. Available treatment for HIV infected individuals currently includes HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy). This treatment has proven to be effective by extending life of individuals affected by HIV, doing so by decreasing viral load, HIV transmission, disease progression, reducing severity of symptoms and preserved the immune system. Therefore, it is important for the patient to get tested to ensure treatment is no delayed and risk further complication. As the virus progress the illness associated with it becomes more complicated and difficult to treat because without treatment the immunodeficiency rises. â€Å"The majority of disease occurs in the advanced stages of HIV infection where  immunosuppression is the predominant influence Hogan, C. , Wilkins, E. , (2011). † Therefore for patient should seek early treatment and adhere to medication regimen to decrease progression of the infection and prevent further complication. Other issues that need to be address is measures need to be taken for early testing, without being tested many patient are able to transfer the virus from on e person to another without even knowing. Early diagnose of the disease will give patient the opportunity to seek medical care and become knowledgeable of the step needed to take to prevent them from infecting other individual. Several states have now implement policies to test newborn babies for the HIV virus without permission of the parents. -cite. HIV affect people from all different background, however group on minority continue to be disproportionately impacted. This can be seen with majority of the reported case in the United State are of racial and ethnic minority population. A contributing factor to this problem, are lack of resources, high risk behavior and unequal access to health care people for minority population.